| Agriculture in APEC economies faces mounting pressures from climate change, labour shortages, ecosystem degradation and demographic transition. Especially, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic posed a significant threat to human health and affected both the agricultural and industrial sectors resulting in disruptions of food supply chains. The current food systems are environmentally unsustainable, as they are associated with greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, water and air pollution, and soil degradation. Moreover, food systems are not resilient enough to natural and socioeconomic shocks. |